Avian Influenza

Avian Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by Type A influenza viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The virus can be classified into two categories based on its pathogenicity: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI).

SYMPTOMS
CAUSES
PREVENTION
TREATMENT

Symptoms

  • Chickens and Turkeys:
    • Sudden high mortality (up to 100% in HPAI)
    • Severe respiratory distress
    • Decreased egg production
    • Swelling around eyes and neck
    • Purple discoloration of wattles and combs
    • Diarrhea
    • Nervous system disorders
  • Ducks/Waterfowl:
    • Often asymptomatic (especially with LPAI)
    • Can be carriers without showing symptoms
    • Lethargy in HPAI cases
    • Loss of coordination
    • Reduced egg production
    • Mild respiratory signs

Causes and modes of transmission

  • Viral Characteristics:
    • RNA virus with multiple subtypes (H1-H16 and N1-N9)
    • Highly mutable nature
    • Environmental persistence
  • Transmission Routes:
    • Direct contact with infected birds
    • Contaminated equipment and vehicles
    • Airborne transmission
    • Wild bird migrations
    • Contaminated water sources
    • Movement of infected poultry

Prevention strategies

  • Biosecurity Measures:
    • Restricted access to facilities
    • Vehicle and equipment disinfection
    • Wild Bird-proof buildings
    • Separate housing for different species
  • Management Practices:
    • Proper disposal of dead birds
    • Clean water supply
    • Quarantine of new birds

Treatment options

  • Direct Treatment:
    • No specific treatment available
    • Supportive care only
    • Infected flocks usually require culling
  • Supportive Care:
    • Electrolyte supplementation
    • Temperature management
    • Stress reduction
    • Isolation of affected birds
  • Recovery Actions:
    • Thorough cleaning and disinfection
    • Downtime between flocks
    • Testing before restocking
    • Documentation of outbreak

Conclusion:
Avian Influenza remains a significant threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Success in controlling outbreaks depends on prevention, early detection, and rapid response. Continued vigilance, research, and international cooperation are essential for managing this disease effectively.

Note: This information should be regularly updated to reflect current research and regulatory requirements. Specific measures may vary by region and local regulations.